History & heritage

The Liberation War of 1971

Bangladesh emerged from the Liberation War of 1971, a struggle remembered through family histories, public memorials and the work of preserving evidence.

Bangladesh's Liberation War began in March 1971 after years of tension over political representation, economic inequality and the status of Bengali in Pakistan. The Awami League's victory in the 1970 election did not lead to a transfer of power. On 25 March, the Pakistan army launched a crackdown in Dhaka; the declaration of independence and armed resistance followed. Over nine months, the Mukti Bahini fought for independence while civilians endured displacement and widespread violence. Millions sought refuge in India. India entered the war directly in December, and Pakistani forces surrendered in Dhaka on 16 December, now observed as Victory Day. The history survives beyond military accounts. Letters, photographs, songs and the recollections of ordinary households reveal how people sheltered neighbours, crossed rivers or waited for news. Dhaka's Liberation War Museum offers a useful starting point, while the National Martyrs' Memorial at Savar provides a quieter setting for remembrance.